Public Administration and Regional Studies

Currency Redesign Attributes And Economic Performance In Nigeria (1960 – 2023)

Abdul-Lateef Olamide Ahmodu — 2025-08-18

This study examined the effect of currency redesign attributes on economic performance in Nigeria, focusing on the roles of deposit growth rate (DGR), liquidity mop-up ratio (LMR), and consumer price index (CPI) from 1960 to 2023. Adopting an ex-post-facto research design, the study sampled ten currency redesign periods through stratified and random sampling techniques. Secondary data were sourced and analysed using normality tests, panel unit root tests, multicollinearity diagnostics, and Generalised Linear Model (GLM) regression. The model specified real gross domestic product (RGDP) and real exchange rate (RER) as proxies for economic performance. Results showed that all three independent variables: DGR, LMR, and CPI, exhibited negative relationships with RGDP, but none were statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, when RER was used as a control variable, only DGR showed a statistically significant negative effect (p = 0.0269), implying that rising deposit growth rate during currency redesign periods adversely affected exchange rate stability. The value relevance of the study was that currency redesign policies are theoretically sound for macroeconomic stability, their practical implementation may result in unintended economic disruptions due to poor planning, financial strain, and systemic inefficiencies. The study concludes that the economic impact of Nigeria’s currency redesign efforts has been largely negative and statistically weak. It recommends improved policy design, phased implementation, and ongoing evaluation mechanisms for future monetary reforms.

Community Policing And Rising Insecurity In Nigeria: Challenges In Public Administration

Gabriel Izokpu Oikhala — 2025-06-30

This paper assesses the relationship between community policing and public administration, examining the challenges public administration faces in enhancing the efficiency of community policing in Nigeria. Interviews were used to get primary data for this paper, while published materials like textbooks and journals were used to gather secondary data. Descriptive analysis was used to examine the data. Employing social structure theory as a theoretical framework, the paper identifies a strong interdependent relationship between community policing and public administration. Public administration leverages community policing as a mechanism for implementing security policies. The paper concludes that community policing is the most effective approach for public administration to manage security in Nigeria. It suggests, among other recommendations, that state institutional deficits should be addressed to improve the weak socio-economic conditions of the community. When government policies fail to alleviate poverty, hunger, hardship, injustice, and unemployment, individuals may resort to desperate measures for survival, rendering community policing ineffective in managing disorder. Additionally, the paper advocates for rebranding police and other governmental leadership to emphasize people-oriented governance practices.

Digital Governance and Youth Empowerment in Nigeria: Reimagining Public Administration in the 21st Century

Odunola Motunrayo Aikomo — 2025-06-30

The digital era is reshaping public administration through the introduction of innovative tools that enhance governmental effectiveness, transparency, and opportunities for participatory governance. Youth play a pivotal role in this evolution, as their aspirations, digital fluency, and civic engagement position them as both beneficiaries and catalysts of administrative reform. Utilising their potential is crucial for governments seeking to modernise service delivery and foster inclusive governance in complex and dynamic socio-political environments. This study analyses the implementation of digital technologies within public administration, focussing on their impact on youth empowerment in Nigeria. As digital platforms become more integral to public service delivery and citizen engagement, administrative frameworks must evolve to meet emerging demands. This desk-based qualitative study systematically analyses secondary sources, including government reports, policy briefs, and scholarly literature, to investigate the evolving relationship between digital transformation in public administration and youth empowerment. The research employs a hybrid theoretical framework integrating Digital Era Governance (DEG), Empowerment Theory, and New Public Governance (NPG) to analyse institutional adaptations and the evolving patterns of youth agency in digitally mediated governance environments. The findings disclose a complex environment defined by various opportunities and challenges. Digital technologies enhance administrative accessibility, improve information dissemination, advance youth perspectives, and enable interactive and networked forms of engagement. Enduring structural inequalities, digital divides, institutional inertia, and capacity deficits continue to impede equitable youth participation in governance processes. The analysis underscores the necessity for deliberate and inclusive strategies to overcome these barriers and concludes with actionable recommendations for public administrators and policymakers, stressing the importance of inclusive digital policies, youth-focused institutional reforms, and collaborative governance frameworks. These strategies are essential for improving responsive, participatory, and equitable public administration, which is vital for empowering younger generations and meeting the evolving demands of governance in the 21st century.

Talent Retention in the Nigerian Civil Service: Assessing the Impact of Compensation and Career Development

Odunayo Paul Salau — 2025-06-30

This research assessed the influence of compensation and career development on employee retention in Nigeria's civil service as a result of the recurring challenge of high turnover rates. There were reports that more than 48% of the civil servants contemplated resignation because they felt underpaid and did not have sufficient career advancement opportunities. The Nigerian civil service, being the mainstay of government administration, experienced severe retention issues, which had effects on the delivery of services and policy implementation. The study examined the influence of some compensation and career development strategies on staff retention. Social Exchange Theory and Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory were used as the theoretical frameworks to explain the operation of reciprocity and motivation in retaining civil servants. The study employed a descriptive study design on the Federal Civil Service Commission (FCSC), Lagos State Civil Service, Ministry of Labour and Employment, and Office of the Head of Service, which were selected purposely due to their size and ongoing workforce reform. A sample of 452 management and staff, including civil servants, was surveyed through hard and soft copies of questionnaires and data were analysed using SEM-Partial Least Square (PLS).

A Comparative Analysis Of National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) And National Health Insurance Authority (NHIA) On Universal Health Coverage (UHC) In Nigeria

Njoku Francis Ulonna — 2025-06-30

The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was introduced for the purpose of attaining Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Nigeria. However, a report from the Nigerian Medical Association indicated that NHIS has less than 5% enrolment over 20 years after its establishment. In effort towards bridging the above gap, the National Health Insurance Authority (NHIA) was introduced in 2022. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to interrogate the extent to which the NHIA has guaranteed Universal Health Coverage in comparison with NHIS. The paper adopted a qualitative technique of data collection with the use of textual content analysis of documents obtained from the Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), World Health Organisation (WHO), NHIS, NHIA, health reports, circulars, and empirical studies.

The Integrity of Public Sector Auditors

Lucky Ogbomo Osagioduwa — 2025-06-30

The study aims to determine the extent that public sector auditors uphold integrity in their engagement in public sector audit reporting. The study further seeks to examine the etymologic meaning of integrity and to establish if the terminology is properly viewed in the accounting palace in the light of the earliest meaning of the term. This study adopted extant literature descriptive methodology and library research strategy. As a result, the study was able to get insight into integrity reporting (IRO) as an integral part of the auditor's report. It was observed from literature that the application of integrity was very narrow in the accounting usage in the light of IFAC submission on the meaning of integrity in relation to the foundational submission of the concept. This study concludes from previous findings that public sector auditors are not professionals of maximum integrity dimensions. The study therefore recommends the Auditor's Integrity Composition Circles (AICC). The AICC comprises dimensions of integrity reporting on which auditors must express their compliance, whether full, partial, or non-compliance. While the Integrity Reporting Dimensions and Requirements (IRDR) have a broad scope, the Integrity Reporting Dimensions Requirements (IRDR) offer a more specific and detailed application. The IRDR provides a detailed framework to assess and question the integrity demonstrated by auditors during their engagements.

Global Governance, Security, And Development

Olubunmi Adesanmi Fatai — 2025-08-18

Effective global governance is critical for addressing global security and development challenges. This study examines the interplay between global governance, security, and development; highlights international institutions and cooperative frameworks for addressing challenges to these areas; and assesses the effectiveness of global governance mechanisms in promoting security and sustainable development. A qualitative approach was adopted, utilizing a review of existing literature, case studies, and policy analysis. The study also explored the activities of global institutions, including the United Nations, the World Bank, and regional organizations, and their role in shaping policies related to global security and development.

Organisational Change Strategies and Employee Engagement in Government Agencies: Implications for Public Sector HRM Practices

Kuforiji Aramide — 2025-06-30

The research focused on understanding how organisational change strategies affect employee engagement at Nigerian public sector institutions because civil servants face ongoing disengagement problems. At least 65% of public sector Nigerian workers showed dissatisfaction in their jobs because of inefficient bureaucracy and political intervention along with resistance against change. Multiple organisational reform ventures did not solve the employee commitment and motivation issues which created work plan setbacks together with major staff changes. This research investigated how particular change strategies function to boost public institution employee engagement. The study applied Kotter’s Change Model along with Lewin’s Change Theory to understand the generated concerns. The research design selected for this study applied an explanatory approach because the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) and Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) together with the Ministry of Finance and Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) fit the criterion of active reform implementation. Research data was collected from 376 staff members and managers through hard and soft questionnaire copies followed by PLS-SEM analysis of the data. The findings of this study underscore the central role of organisational change strategies and public sector HRM practices in shaping employee engagement within Nigerian government agencies. Specifically, change strategies were found to significantly enhance engagement levels among staff (β = 0.227, p = 0.000), while public sector HRM practices such as strategic recruitment, performance appraisal, and continuous development had an even stronger direct effect (β = 0.455, p = 0.000). Most notably, the study confirmed that HRM practices moderate the relationship between change strategies and engagement (β = 0.109, p = 0.000), indicating that organisational reforms are most effective when HRM systems are robust and strategically aligned. These findings suggest that policymakers and agency heads in institutions like FIRS, NNPC, the Ministry of Finance, and CAC must prioritise HRM reforms to complement change initiatives. The study recommends the institutionalisation of participatory HRM models, investment in staff training, and the establishment of feedback-driven performance systems.

Talent Management Dashboard in the Public Sector: Assessing the Impact of Organisational Learning and Development Effectiveness

Joel Opeyemi Olunike — 2025-06-30

Effective talent management in the public sector in Nigeria has at all times been undermined by adverse organisational learning structures and mundane development initiatives. Despite the immense knowledge of how strategic talent dashboards' usability in tracking performance and decision-making exists among institutions in the public sector, numerous institutions fall behind in adopting frameworks that consider labourers' output of learning within talent design. This shortcoming is to blame for poor successions, staff low morale, and mismatching skills. Hence, this study examined the impact of organisational learning and effectiveness in development on talent management dashboard in the public sector. This study was, therefore, based on the Human Capital Theory and the Organisational Learning Theory. The study employed a descriptive design and utilized soft and hard copies of a guided questionnaire distributed among 560 workers and management of the Ogun and Lagos State Civil Service Commission—purposively recruited being they are strategically positioned in administrative governance and planning of people's resources for the states. Smart-PLS version 4 was used to analyze data to study the path relationships and predictive power of learning and development effectiveness towards talent management dashboard. The findings revealed that organisational learning significantly and positively influenced the utilisation and strategic alignment of the talent management dashboard, while development effectiveness had a strong moderating effect between learning practices and dashboard implementation. It was discovered that when employees go through customised capacity-building interventions and feedback mechanisms are incorporated into training cycles, the effectiveness of the talent management dashboard is significantly enhanced. The findings further showed that efforts towards learning and development explain 56% of variance in perceived use and usefulness of talent dashboards among public managers. It was, therefore, concluded that nonexistence of persistent, context-dependent organisational learning arrangements leads to underutilisation of talents as well as decision-making based on data in the Nigerian public sector. Therefore, the study posits that policy models in civil service commissions should integrate real-time learning assessment systems directly linked with talent dashboards to stimulate evidence-based training models, and promote adaptive learning culture.

Rule Of Law, Politics And Governance In Nigeria’s Fourth Republic

Chuks Cletus Egugbo — 2025-06-30

The place of rule of law in politics and governance of any country cannot be overemphasized. This is because politics and governance being human activities are prone to crisis and abuse. As a result, it becomes very imperative for law to guide the activities of actors in the political and governance spheres. The rule of law also ensures that those in government positions act in a way that can and should bring about the welfare and well-being of the governed. This paper found out that since the return of democracy in Nigeria in 1999 after long period of military rule there is less adherence to the rule of law. This is due to the presence of strong individuals rather than strong governmental institutions. These institutions more often than not are manipulated by the strong individuals in a way that serve their personal interest instead of general interest. This explains why corruption is very rampant in the country and elections are hardly free, fair and credible. Virtually all election results in the country are contested in the court because of obvious cases of electoral malpractices. Electoral malpractices have been the bane of good governance in Nigeria. This paper made use of the secondary method of data collection. In this case, data for the paper were collected and gathered from textbooks, journals, newspapers, magazines as well as internet materials. Analysis of the data collected was done through analytical, historical and descriptive methods. The theoretical framework adopted in this paper is the separation of power theory. The paper recommended among other things that there should be constitutional and electoral act amendment that would guarantee free, fair and credible elections in the country and the governmental institutions should be strengthened to be able to discharge their duties and responsibilities objectively without fear or favour.

Geopolitical Influences and NATO's Role in the Western

Edlira Titini — 2025-06-30

The Western Balkans represent a strategically significant region for NATO, serving as a key node for security and stability in Europe and beyond. This article aims to examine the geopolitical dynamics and NATO’s role in the region, particularly in the context of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and the potential risk of conflict spillover. Such a strategy could be employed by Russia to divert international support away from Ukraine.

The analysis begins by assessing the geopolitical positioning of the Western Balkans, focusing on the influence of major global powers such as Russia, China, the United States, and the European Union. Russia, through hybrid strategies and diplomatic and economic influence, seeks to undermine NATO’s presence in the region and obstruct the integration of Balkan states into the EU. Meanwhile, China leverages infrastructure investments to establish economic dependencies, projecting its power and posing a challenge to the security of Western Balkan countries.

Additionally, the article explores the Western Balkans from NATO’s perspective, examining the Alliance’s long-standing commitments to regional stabilization, its enlargement process, and its role in ensuring security under NATO’s current Strategic Concept.

Ultimately, the article concludes that NATO remains the primary actor capable of ensuring stability in the Western Balkans. The Alliance plays a decisive role in advancing Euro-Atlantic integration and preventing future crises. To fulfill this role effectively, greater engagement from regional states is necessary, given the heightened security risks at both the regional and global levels.

State And Movements Of The Insurance Market In The Republic Of North Macedonia

Faton Shabani — 2025-06-30

Insurance is a financial product offered by specialized insurance companies with the aim of protecting people and property from the risk of loss, damage or theft. In this way, insurance is a contract, represented by a policy, which is issued by an insurer whereby the policyholder obtains financial protection or compensation against losses that may be incurred from insured risks. The importance of insurance activity is most clearly highlighted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), according to which the insurance plays a critical role in supporting economic activity by protecting individuals, families and businesses from risk. In the Republic of North Macedonia, there is an independent regulatory body for the insurance market - the Insurance Supervisory Agency (Agency) - which carries out public authorizations to control the compliance of the work of insurance companies and other entities in the insurance market with legal regulations, with the sole purpose of protecting insured persons and insurance users. The data provided by the Agency and the National Bank for the last half decade, processed in this research using statistical methods, show a positive trend of increasing the volume of both life and non-life insurance segments (recorded a greater number of contracts concluded and at the same time a better financial result). Furthermore, these data confirm that non-life insurance business is generally the dominant sector, due especially to motor vehicle insurance that is generally mandatory.

Regulation and Management of Forests in Bessarabia under Tsarist Administration (1812-1917)

Cătălina Frangopol — 2025-06-30

The regulation and management of forests in Bessarabia under Tsarist administration (1812-1917) were shaped by the broader economic, political, and social transformations following the region’s integration into the Russian Empire. After the annexation of Bessarabia in 1812, the forests were nationalized and placed under direct state control, becoming a crucial resource for both economic and military purposes. The Forest Regulations of 1832 established a legal framework governing the exploitation, preservation, and administration of forest resources. These policies led to the creation of a structured bureaucratic system tasked with overseeing forestry operations, monitoring timber trade, and ensuring compliance with imperial directives.

Throughout the 19th century, Bessarabia’s forests were subjected to extensive logging to support construction, furniture production, and exports, contributing significantly to the imperial economy. This intensified exploitation resulted in severe ecological consequences, including large-scale deforestation and resource depletion. Additionally, the enforcement of strict forestry regulations led to tensions between the Tsarist authorities and the local population, particularly among peasants who relied on the forests for firewood, grazing, and subsistence activities. The study of these regulatory policies provides valuable insight into the imperial approach to resource management and its broader socio-environmental implications, illustrating the intersection of governance, economic interests, and ecological sustainability in Bessarabia during the Tsarist period.

Identifying Legal Challenges In The Application Of Children’s Rights In The Mission Of The Social Department Of Public Administration

Ágotha-Gyopár Kelemen — 2025-06-30

Identifying the Legal Challenges in Implementing Children's Rights within the Social Services Department of Public Administration

The identification of legal challenges in the implementation of children's rights by the social services department within public administration requires a thorough analysis of the legal framework, institutional competences, and administrative practice. As a specialized structure tasked with delivering social benefits and operating as a professional body within local municipalities, the department is responsible for ensuring the observance and enforcement of the rights of children, families, persons with disabilities, as well as other individuals, groups, or communities in situations of social need.

Accordingly, the enforcement of children's rights, when considered in light of political, economic, cultural, and institutional factors, presents significant challenges in both administrative and legal processes. These challenges, in turn, create limitations in solving various specific and/or general cases involving children in Romania. The failure of Romanian administrative authorities to properly implement the fundamental principle underpinning all provisions of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child has serious repercussions for society.

Thus, our legal analysis concerning the implementation of administrative procedures is primarily shaped by and focused on the principle of the best interests of the child.

Absorption Costing and Its Effect on Financial Performance of Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria

Niyi Oladipo Olaniyan — 2025-06-30

This research was undertaken to investigate the effect absorption costing had on the financial status of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. In particular, the study determined how factors such as Total Manufacturing Cost per Unit (TMCU), Fixed Manufacturing Overhead Absorbed (FMOA), and Inventory Valuation Methods work to impact the profitability of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This research took into consideration of period covering 2009-2024, utilizing quarterly data retrieved from the financial statements of selected firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Secondary data were gotten from the annual financial reports of the companies and other industry publications. The study undertook an Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimation technique to study the short-run and long-run relationships between the variables.

Results showed that Total Manufacturing Cost per Unit positively influences financial performance in short run with a coefficient of 0.24 (p < 0.05) and 0.35 (p < 0.01) in the long run. Conversely, Fixed Manufacturing Overhead Absorbed also exhibited a positive short-run effect of 0.18 (p < 0.05), which increased to 0.27 (p < 0.01) in times where financial effects are considered. Inventory Valuation Method declined with a negative and statistically significant influence, showing a coefficient of -0.12 with a statistical significance of less than 0.01 in the long run. These results indicate that proper cost management strategies particularly relating to manufacturing cost per unit and overhead absorption are essential to improve the financial performance of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study therefore suggests that companies should gear their efforts towards improving cost structure and efficient inventory valuation methods to enhance profitability and sustain themselves in the long term.

Spatial Mobility, Access to the City and Inequalities : The Case of Students at the University of Segou

Ana Traore — 2025-06-30

The city of Ségou is recognized as a city of student mobility. The extent of this mobility is now a major problem and is becoming a concern for department heads, teachers, and students at the University of Ségou. The objective of this article is to demonstrate how spatial mobility constitutes a good indicator for understanding social inequalities related to access to urban resources for students at the University of Ségou. Writing this article involved the study of theses, dissertations, scientific articles, and reports. A mixed-methods approach was used for data collection. The results indicate that men represent the majority of students, or 75%. Our respondents came from diverse regions, with 81% coming from urban areas and 19% from rural areas. The lack of a university in their locality is the main reason why students choose the University of Ségou. The living conditions of mobile students are precarious. These impacts on academic success (decline in student performance, dropping out of studies, retraining for other activities).

Urban Renewal And Its Implications For Displacement And Insecurity In Nigerian Cities

Ugochukwu David Abasilim — 2025-08-18

Urban Renewal in Nigeria has increasingly been embraced as a tool for economic growth and infrastructure improvement in urban centres. In most instances, this leads to the eviction of residents while business operations are disrupted during physical renewal, creating displacement and insecurity. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of the implications of urban renewal-induced internal displacement in Nigeria from 2019 up to the present. The qualitative secondary data used include those from reviewed journal articles and relevant newspaper publications that clearly outline the relationship between urban renewal initiatives and internal displacement. Key findings were indeed a substantial nexus between urban renewal programmes and the displacement of less-privileged people, leading to increased feelings of insecurity in the affected communities. Guided by such knowledge, critical policy interventions suggested by this paper have included, among other things, the articulation of a clearly stated state master plan, widespread disseminated information about land use and topography, and improved inter-state cooperation. Such recommendations are significant in ensuring that urban renewal is inclusive and sustainable but not characterised by many incidences of displacement while at the same time ensuring that development in urban areas remains fair.

Implants And Technological Augmentations: New Challenges For Fundamental Human Rights

Andreea Corsei — 2025-06-30

Technological progress in recent decades has marked a significant transition from the simple use of technology as an external tool to its direct integration into the human body. Neural implants, biomechanical augmentations and brain-computer interfaces are no longer mere marginal innovations, but are becoming realities with applicability in medicine, work, the military and even in the entertainment sphere. This evolution generates a series of profound legal challenges regarding the applicability and interpretation of fundamental rights, especially in the constitutional, European and international context.

At the heart of this new technological framework is the dilemma between individual autonomy and systemic control. On the one hand, implants can represent a form of realization of the right to health, to a dignified life and to bodily autonomy. On the other hand, they can become an instrument of surveillance, manipulation or even discrimination, in the absence of solid legal guarantees.

The Effect of Sustainability Cost Disclosures on Operating Performance of Listed Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria

Kehinde Tosin LONGE — 2025-06-30

This study examined the effect of sustainability cost disclosures on operating performance of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria it specifically examined the effect of environmental cost disclosure (ECD), social responsibility cost disclosure (SCD), and governance cost disclosure (GCD)—on the operating performance of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria. An ex-post-facto research design was adopted, relying on secondary data extracted from the annual reports of ten (10) selected firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) over a ten-year period (2015–2024). The study employed various estimation techniques including correlation analysis, Granger causality tests, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to determine the relationship among the variables. The regression findings revealed that ECD (p<0.0102) and SCD (p<0.0446) significantly and positively influenced operating performance, while GCD showed a weak but near-significant effect (p<0.0563). Diagnostic tests confirmed the absence of multicollinearity, autocorrelation, and heteroskedasticity, and the residuals were found to be normally distributed.

The study concluded that sustainability cost disclosures, particularly in environmental and social dimensions, play a critical role in enhancing the operating performance of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria. The findings contribute to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the role of corporate sustainability in firm-level performance, especially in emerging economies. Based on the results, it was recommended that companies integrate standardized sustainability disclosure practices, and that regulators enforce mandatory reporting frameworks to improve transparency, stakeholder trust, and long-term corporate value

Protection Of Pupils Against Violence - Limits Of The National Legislative Framework

Anda Anca Rodideal — 2025-06-30

Objectives: the National Legislative Framework regarding the protection of pupils against violence within the school environment consist of many laws and regulations at national and local level. Most of them are renewed starting from 2023, such as: the new Preuniversitary Education Law no. 198/2023 (5th of July 2023), the Order no. 6235 – Procedure on the Management of Violence Cases (22nd of September 2023), the Order no. 6731 – Graduate Profile (6th of December 2023). In 2024 other important documents were officially issued: Order no. 5726 – Regulation on the Organization and Functioning of the Preuniversity Educational Institutions (6th of August 2024), Order no. 5707 – The Pupils Statute (12th of August 2024) and Government Decision No. 1065 – National Plan for Combating School Violence (2nd of September 2024). Starting from these national regulations there were issued at local level other plans for school safety and procedures for regularly report the cases of violence, or when they occured, involving cooperation of many institutions, from Police to Child Protection institutions. According to all these legal regulations, schools should implement different activities for preventing all types of school violence and for reporting when a case occurs. The measures that should be taken when it happened such a case are explained and detailed in almost all the above mentioned regulations, generally bring the same, but with small differences regarding the form and the actors that should be involved.

Results: this paper presents the relevant measures proposed by the existing laws and ministry orders for reducing school violence and for acting when such behaviours occurs, arguing that the big number of official documents have also a negative effect and finally, the teachers and school directors are overwhelmed by completing papers and reports, which affects and hinders their ability to act in order to reduce the phenomenon of school violence.