Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic on Nigeria’s Economy: Effective Foundry Technology as a Sustainable Solution
Keywords:
Covid-19, Aluminium alloy, Casting, Foundry, Moulding sand
Abstract
This study considered the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the economy of Nigeria and investigated the effective application of foundry technology to proffer a sustainable solution to the problem. Domestication of production of motorcycle components, being a significant means of transportation that is required for the development of any society was considered. Aluminium scraps from a waste dump and Belle and Oyun natural moulding sands in Kwara State, Nigeria, which have been previously recommended for non-ferrous casting in previous studies were considered and used for casting of motorcycle/tricycle parts (centre stand and brake pedal) using AFS guidelines. The scraps’ chemical compositions were analysed. Thereafter, some mechanical properties with the microstructure of the aluminium casts and that of commercially obtained imported types were examined using appropriate ASTM standards. Cast aluminium alloy produced using scrap had no casting defects and had some mechanical properties comparable to those available on the markets (imported). Thus, effective usage of naturally available moulding sands in Nigeria for foundry applications would help to proffer sustainable solutions to the nation’s economic problem as a result of the adverse effects of the Covid-19 pandemic.
References
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[9]. Bala K .C., Olabisi B. A., Deterioration of moulding sand properties with number of castings, Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technology, vol. 30, p. 209-220, 2017.
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[12]. Nwafor M. E., Onya O. V., Road transportation service in Nigeria: Problems and prospects, Advance Journal of Economics and Marketing Research, vol. 4, issue 03, p. 104-115, 2019.
[13]. Avanenge F., Zizi H. Z., An analysis of the issues and challenges of transportation in Nigeria and Egypt, The Business and Management Review, vol. 7, no. 2, 2016.
[14]. Oladipo O. O., The development and impact of motorcycles as means of commercial transportation in Nigeria, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 6, p. 231-239, 2012.
[16]. Mogaji E., Impact of Covid-19 on transportation in Lagos, Nigeria, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 6, 2020.
[17]. Anyanwu J. C., Oaikhena H., Oyefusi A., Dimowo F. A., The structure of the Nigerian economy (1960-1977), Onitsha: Joanne Educational Publishers Ltd., 1997.
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[19]. Mgbemena J., Language, communication on wheels and national development: The inscriptions on tricycle (Keke) example, International Journal of English and Literature (Academic Journals), vol. 4, no. 10, p. 529-537, 2013.
[20]. Ismaila S., Jatau J. S., Bawa M. A., Particulate reinforced aluminium alloy matrix composite brake rotor - A review of the mechanical and wear behaviours, Journal of scientific and engineering research, vol. 6, no.7, p. 29-40, 2019.
[21]. Mukhtar A., Waziri M., Abdulsalam B., Dankani I. M., Assessment of tricycle as a tool of poverty alleviation in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeast, Nigeria, IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), vol. 20, issue 8, ver. VI, p. 14-18, 2015.
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[23]. Ogunsanya A. A., Galtima M., Motorcycle in Public Transport Service in Nigeria: Case Study of Yola Town, in J.S. Ikya (ed.), Urban Passenger Transportation in Nigeria. Ibadan: Heinemann: p. 191-207, 1993.
[24]. Araoye O. A., Muhammed E. O., Muhammed I. A., Bolaji O. K., Operatıon and management of trıcycle (keke napep) as a means of public transport in Mınna, Nıgerıa, Asia-Pacific Management and Business Application, vol. 9, no. 2, p. 179-192, 2020.
[25]. Obioma R. N., Ibe C. C., Ukaegbu S. I., Quality of the paratransit service (tricycle) and its operation in Aba, Nigeria: An analysis of customers’ opinions, Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 262-276, 2012.
[26]. Adeyemi H. O., Yusuf T. A., Tricycles for Nigerian public transport unit: Assessment of ergonomics design considerations, Jurnal Kejuruteraan, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 57-63, 2019.
[27]. Ankitkumar K., Vidyadhar C., Chandratre K., Design and analysis of standing device for two wheeler, International Engineering Research Journal (IERJ), vol. I, p. 361-371, 2014.
[28]. Olubomehin O. O., The development and impact of motorcycles as means of commercial transportation in Nigeria, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 6, p. 231-239, 2012.
[29]. Wanyang L., Xuefeng Y., Shouren W., Jupeng X., Qimin H., Comprehensive analysis on the performance and material of automobile brake discs, Metals, vol. 10, no. 37, p. 2-18, 2020.
[30]. Ismail N. A., Adeniji T. A., Paul O. J., Assessment of tricycles operations as an alternative means of urban transport in Lokoja, Kogi State, Confluence Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 53-62, 2018.
[31]. Lawal S. S., Bala K. C., Alegbede A. T., Development and production of brake pad from sawdust composite, Leonardo Journal of Sciences, issue 30, p. 47-56, 2017.
[32]. Crăciun A. L., et al., Composites materials for friction and braking application, Innovative Ideas in Science, IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, p. 200, 2017.
[33]. Andrzej B., Conventional and unconventional materials used in the production of brake pads – review, Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, (De Gruyter 2020), vol. 27, no. 1, p. 374-396, 2020.
[34]. Shuaib-Babata Y. L., Olumodeji J. O., Analysis of Ilorin sand moulding properties for foundry applications, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), vol. 3, no. 1, p. 1520-1526, 2014.
[35]. Sheidi H. M., Investigation on properties of local Zircon sand for sand casting: Azara-Lafia deposit, Nigeria, ResearchJournal in Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 6, p. 404-407, 2012.
[36]. Shuaib-Babata Y. L., Abegunde A. J., Abdul J. M., Suitability of Ado-Ekiti (Nigeria) natural moulding sands for use as foundry sands in production of aluminium alloy cast, Journal of Production Engineering, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 91-100, 2017.
[37]. Shuaib-Babata Y. L., Yaru S., Abdulkareem S., Ajayi S., Busari Y., Ajao K., Ibrahim H. K., Ambali I. O., Mohammed G., Suitability of some selected Ado-Ekiti natural moulding sands' properties for sand casting, Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 53-64, 2017.
[38]. ***, Choosing between green sand, Nobake, American Foundry Society (AFS), 22 February, 2017.
[39]. ***, Sand casting, Sand Casting, 22 January, 2017.
[40]. Nuhu A. A., Evaluation of the foundry properties of river Niger sand behind Ajaokuta steel company limited, Ajaokuta, Nigeria, American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 75-83, 2008.
[41]. Mishra P., Manufacturing process: properties of moulding sand in casting, Mechanical Booster, 2019.
[42]. Oke A. O., Omidiji B. V., Investigation of some moulding properties of a Nigerian clay-bonded sand, Achieves of Foundry Engineering, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 71-76, 2016.
[43]. Dhurval P., Vivek D., Ela J., Viral P., Snikunj D., Jay P., Study of sand composition on mould properties and selection of Taguchi orthogonal array for design of experiments, International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 31-34, 2015.
[44]. Saikaew C., Wiengwiset S., Optimization of molding sand composition for quality improvement of iron castings, Applied Clay Science, vol. 67-68, p. 26-31, 2012.
[45]. Shuaib-Babata Y. L., Ibrahim H. K., Ajao K. S., Ambali I. O., Bello M. O., Evaluation of the foundry properties of Oyun river (Ilorin) moulding sand, Adeleke University Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 12-24, 2019.
[46]. Shuaib-Babata Y. L., Nafiu M. B., Ajao K. S., Ambali I. O., Elakhame Z. U., Busari Y. O., Hassan H. K., Aremu N. I., Characterization of Belle natural moulding sand for foundry applications, USEP: Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 2657-2678, 2019.
[47]. Asuquo L. O., Bassey E. N., Ihom A. P., Characteristics of zircon sand and the effect on foundry casting, Journal of Mechanics & Industry Research, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 27-32, 2013.
[48]. Aji D., Igu N., Oseni M., Apata A., Baba G., Characterization of river Niger (Idah deposit), Ochadamu and Uwowo sands for foundry mould production, Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 6(5), p. 295-300, 2015.
[49]. ***, Al Circle, Retrieved from AlCircle Corporation Web Site: http://www.alcircle.com, 2018.
[50]. Kutz M., Mechanical Engineers Handbook', 2nd Ed., New York, London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998.
[51]. Bala K. C., Shuaibu J., Abolarin M. S., Evaluation of mechanical properties of aluminium casting using sand deposits in Niger State, Proceedings of the 1st International Engineering Conference held at the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria, vol. 1, p. 219-225, September 25, 2015.
[52]. Shuaib-Babata Y. L., et al., Assessment of physicomechanical properties of clay deposits in Asa Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria for industrial applications, USEP: Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 2727-2753, 2019.
[53]. Rajender S., Introduction to basic manufacturing process and workshoptechnology, Daryaganj, New Delhi, India: New Age International Publisher, 2006.
[54]. ***, ASTM E8/E8M-16a, Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
[55]. ***, ASTM, B 557M-02a, Standard test methods of tension testing wrought and cast aluminum- and magnesium-alloy products, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
[56]. ***, ASTM E23-18, Standard test methods for impact testing of metallic materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
[57]. ***, ASTM E2298-18, Standard test method for instrumented impact testing of metallic materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
[58]. Brown J. R., Sands and green sands, Foseco Ferrous Foundryman's Handbook, Oxford, kidlington, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
[59]. ***, ME mechanical team, http://materialrulz.weebly.com/uploads/7/9/5/1/795167/casting_2nd_half.pdf, on November 8, 2017.
[60]. Mshelia Z. A., Abolarin M. S., Abubakre O. K., Ademoh N. A., Characterisation of natural moulding sands from selected deposits in Maiduguri-Nigeria for casting applications, Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, vol. 12, p. 110-121, 2016.
[61]. Surupa S., Moulding sand: types and constituents, casting, metallurgy, Available online: http://www.engineeringenotes.com/metallurgy/casting/mouldingsand-types-and-constituents-castingmetallurgy/20916, retrieved on January 18, 2019.
[62]. Aweda J., Jimoh Y., Assessment of properties of natural moulding sands in Ilorin and Ilesha, Nigeria, USEP Journal of Research Information in Civil Engineering, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 68-77, 2009.
[63]. Otarawanna S., Casting of aluminium alloys. In Fundamental of Aluminum Metallurgy, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom, p. 141-153, 2011.
[64]. Burns T. A., Foseco ferrous foundryman’s handbook, New Delhi, India: Butterworth Heinemann, 1989.
[65]. ***, Foundry sand, T. F. Technology, Retrieved from www.fhwa.dot.gov, 2016.
[66]. Ayoola W. A., Adeosun S. O., Sanni O. S., Oyetunji A., Effect of casting mould on mechanical properties of 6063 aluminum alloy, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 89-96, 2012.
[67]. Datau S. G., Oji J., Elijah I. R., Datau N., The effect of sand casting process parameters on mechanical properties of aluminum alloy casting, International Journal of Metallurgical & Materials Science and Engineering (IJMMSE), vol. 2, issue 3, p. 32-41, Sep. 2012.
[68]. Mortimer R. G., et al., Brake Pedal Requirement Study: Driver-Vehicle Braking Performance as a Function of Brake System Design Variables, Washington D.C: Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Safety Bureau, 1970.
[69]. Rana R. S., Rajesh P., Reviews on the influences of alloying elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium alloys and aluminium alloy composite, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, p. 1-7, 2012.
[70]. ***, Retrieved from www.economist.com, on February 4, 2015.
Published
2022-03-15
How to Cite
1.
SHUAIB-BABATA YL, BUSARI OY, MAHAMOOD RM, YARU SS, ABDULQADIR LB, AMBALI IO, AJAO KS, ABDULRAMAN SO. Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic on Nigeria’s Economy: Effective Foundry Technology as a Sustainable Solution. The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science [Internet]. 15Mar.2022 [cited 6May2024];45(1):22-7. Available from: https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/mms/article/view/5186
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